A proof of concept as well as advocacy from high profile people were needed to persuade funding sources that machine intelligence was worth pursuing. Only prestigious universities and big technology companies could afford to dillydally in these uncharted waters. In the early 1950s, the cost of leasing a computer ran up to $200,000 a month. Second, computing was extremely expensive.
In other words, computers could be told what to do but couldn’t remember what they did. Before 1949 computers lacked a key prerequisite for intelligence: they couldn’t store commands, only execute them. What stopped Turing from getting to work right then and there? First, computers needed to fundamentally change.
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Turing suggested that humans use available information as well as reason in order to solve problems and make decisions, so why can’t machines do the same thing? This was the logical framework of his 1950 paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence in which he discussed how to build intelligent machines and how to test their intelligence. One such person was Alan Turing, a young British polymath who explored the mathematical possibility of artificial intelligence. By the 1950s, we had a generation of scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers with the concept of artificial intelligence (or AI) culturally assimilated in their minds. It began with the “heartless” Tin man from the Wizard of Oz and continued with the humanoid robot that impersonated Maria in Metropolis. In the first half of the 20 th century, science fiction familiarized the world with the concept of artificially intelligent robots.
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